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Prevalence of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Young Adult Female Distance Runners

Minagawa, Sakiko C
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4164-0456
http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1554715996907624

Abstract Details

2019, Master of Science, Ohio State University, Allied Medicine.
Background: In 2014, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) introduced the term “Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport” (RED-S), which expands on the prior Female Athlete Triad. RED-S is a more comprehensive term that emphasizes additional impaired physiological functions due to low energy availability (EA). Health consequences associated with RED-S can negatively affect sports performance in young adult female distance runners. Objective: Describe the characteristics of RED-S; EA, menstrual/bone health, body composition, and nutritional, hematological, and psychological factors in young adult competitive female distance runners. Methods: The cross-sectional study recruited 11 young adult (22.8 +/-2.0 years) female distance runners. Measures were collected via laboratory visit; anthropometric measurement, dual x-ray absorptiometry (iDXA), and blood analysis, and questionnaires; injury history, menstrual health questions, modified activity questionnaire (MAQ), eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-Q), perceived stress scale (PSS), and VioScreen food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Results: EA: Mean EA was 33.8 +/- 10.8kcal/kg FFM/day. Two participants had optimal (EA >45), five participants had adequate (EA 30-45), and four participants had low EA (EA < 30). Menstrual health: Eight participants were eumenorrheic (>9 menses/yr) and three participants were oligomenorrheic (6-9 menses/yr). Bone health according to lowest site: Five participants had optimal (z-score >-1.0), five participants had low (z-score -1.0 to -2.0), and one participant had osteoporosis (z-score <-2.0) based on bone mineral density (BMD). Nutrition: Participants had poor dietary intake of calcium, iron, and vitamin D. Hematological factors: Two participants had higher than normal cortisol levels, seven had low ferritin levels, and five had low vitamin D levels. Psychological factors: Our participants had low perception of stress and scores suggested concern for eating disorder risks. Conclusions: Characteristics of RED-S is present in young adult female distance runners. Over half of the participants (n=9, 81.8%) failed to meet the optimal EA recommendations of 45kcal/kg FFM/day. Dietitians and athletes should work together to develop a nutrition plan to help prevent short and long-term health consequences from low EA.
Jackie Buell, PhD, RDN, CSSD, ATC (Advisor)
Diane Habash, PhD, RDN, LD (Committee Member)
Julie Kennel, PhD, RDN, LD (Committee Member)
Timothy Miller, MD (Committee Member)
120 p.
Nutrition; Sports Medicine
Energy availability; bone mineral density; oligomenorrhea; female athlete triad

Recommended Citations

Citations

  • Minagawa, S. C. (2019). Prevalence of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Young Adult Female Distance Runners [Master's thesis, Ohio State University]. OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1554715996907624

    APA Style (7th edition)

  • Minagawa, Sakiko. Prevalence of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Young Adult Female Distance Runners . 2019. Ohio State University, Master's thesis. OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center, http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1554715996907624.

    MLA Style (8th edition)

  • Minagawa, Sakiko. "Prevalence of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Young Adult Female Distance Runners ." Master's thesis, Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1554715996907624

    Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition)

osu1554715996907624
448
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